Can't do anything on word without things going crazy so I'm trying to paste from one of my documents hope it works.
· Chapt 1
· Matter consists of chemicals
· Two main forms of cells
o Eukaryotic cell- subdivided by internal membranes into various membrane-enclosed organelles, including the chloroplasts of Figure 1.3 in most. In prokaryotic DNA is not separated from organelles
o System- complex organization ex: cells, organisms and ecosystems.
o Emergent properties of systems- with each step upward in complexity of the biological order new properties emerge
o Reduction,-reducing complex systems to simpler components more manageable to study
o System biology goal is to model the dynamic behavior of who biological system/ Accurate models will enable biologists to predict how a change in one or more variables will impact other components
o High throughout technology- methods that can analyze biology material very rapidly and produce enormous volumes of data
o Bio informatics- used to process the large amounts of data from high-throughout technology using software
o Interdisciplinary research teams0 department for system biology
· Grouping species: basic ideas
o Three domains of life- domain bacteria and a domain archea are prokaryotic forms of life the third domain is domain Eukarea. There are five kingdoms as well
o Natural selection- descent with modification can split kingdoms
· Feedback regulations- supply and demand economy system
o Most common form of feedback is negative feedback0 which accumulation of an end product slows down the process ex: breakdown of sugar
o Positive feedback an end product speed up production clotting of your blood in response is an examples. When an injury occurs many platlets begin to go to the site positive feedback occurs and more platlets arrive at the site Biologists using various forms of inquiry to explore life
§ Inquiry-search for information
§ Discovery science- describes natural structures and processes as accurately as possible through careful observation and analysis of data
§ Data- recorded observation
§ Inductive reasoning- derive a generalizations from a lot of specific observations “sun always rises in the west”
§ Hypothesis- a tentative answer to a well framed question- an explanation on trial
§ Deductive reasoning- from general to specific “all organisms have cells, all humans are organisms, therefore humans are composed of cells
§ Controlled experiment- an experimental or variable group compared to a control group without controls nothing could be told (not necessary one variable as is uncontrollable but canceling out effects in the field)
§ A scientific theory- a theory has broader scope and a theory is general enough to spin off many new specific hypothesis a theory is also generally supported by a massive body of evidence
Chapter 2
· Chemical
http://archive.skyehawke.com/story.php?no=11616&chapter=2&font=&size=o Matter consists of chemical elements in pure form and in combinations called compounds
o Organisms are composed of matter which is anything that takes up space and mass
o Matter is made of elements
o Element- is a substance that cannot be broken down to simpler parts
o Compound- a substance containing 2 or more different elements
o 25 of 92 elements essential to life Carbon, Oxygen, nitrogen and Hydrogen makes up 96% of living matter; phosphor sulfur, calcium and potassium account for remaining four percent, atom is smallest element of matter
· an element’s properties depend on structure of atoms
o subatomic particles neutrons, protons and electrons, an atomic nucleus formed of neutrons and protons,
o neutrons and protons almost identical mass Dalton
o atomic number=number of protons= defines element
o neutrons deduced from mass
o isotopes- different amount of neutrons form the norm
o unstable- radioactive isotope
o energy levels- different states of potential energy
o electron shells- distance from the nucleus
o outermost electrons0 valence electrons in the valence shell
o Three dimensional space of an electron is its orbital no more than two electrons can be in orbital electrons helps distinctive shape and orientation
· The production of Sound Waves
o In simple harmonic motion restoring force is proportional to displacement
o At The equilibrium position, velocity reaches a maximum
o At maximum displacement, spring force and acceleration reach a maximum
o Hook’s law Spring force=-(spring constant x displacement)
o The force is called simple harmonic motion.
o A stretched or compressed spring has elastic potential energy.
o Period of mass spring system depends on mass and spring constant
o Period = 2π( sqrt(mass/spring constant (k)))
o Vibrations of a transverse waves are ppindcualar to the wave motion
o Transverse wace- a wace whose particles vibrate perpinduclarly to the direction of wace motion
· Waves that go up and down
o Crest- tge highest point avove the equilibrium position
o Trough- lowest point between the eqilibrium position
o Wave length- distance between two adjacent similar points of the wace (crest to crest)
o Vibrations of a longitudinal wave are parallel to the wave motion the last
· Preasure waves
· Spring waves
o As mass increases period of vibration likewise increases
o Speed of wave= frequency x wave length
· Electro magnetic waves
o The spectrum includes more than visible light
o Electromagnetic waves cary depending on frequency and wave lengths
· Light is a wave composed of osscilitating electric and magnetic waves
· c= frequency wave length
o waves can be appointed as rays
o The last
o Brightness deceases by the square pf the sotamce frp, the source
· Reflections of light
o The texture of a surce affects how it reflects light
· Reflection-the turning back of an electromagnetic wave at the surface of a substance
· Incoming and reflected angles are equal
· Angle of incedence- the angle between a rayt that strikes the surface and the normal ti that surface at point of contact
· Flat mirrors
· Simplest mirror is the flat mirror
· Image location can be predicted with a ray diagram
· Curved mirrors
· Concave spherical mirror
· Concave mirrors focous light to form real images
· 1/f=1/do +1/di
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